Leaves are dropping and looks like a white powder on some leaves. Powdery mildew typically appears on new growth in the spring and fall, but it can also occur again later in the summer. Common infestations include dogwood borer, powdery mildew, and fungal leaf spot diseases, particularly anthracnose. Some species, such as the kousa dogwood (Cornus kousa; USDA hardiness zones 5 through 8), cup their leaves in response to adverse weather, but cupping leaves is a common problem for all dogwood species. Cornus kousa, commonly called Kousa dogwood, is a small, deciduous flowering tree or multi-stemmed shrub that typically grows 15-30' tall, with a vase-shaped habit in the early years but eventually maturing to a more rounded form. Use Vitamin B-1 (available inexpensively at Vander Giessens) twice a month through the summer to reduce stress and promote vigorous rooting. Additionally, you can spread bark mulch around the base of the tree to keep the soil from drying out. Hi Sandy, if your soil is decently well-drained, it would be almost impossible to overwater during the first year. Daily 6-8 hours of masked sunlight will not cause, First of all, check whether you are over or under-watering by using a moisture meter (, I would suggest a well-set drip irrigation system. Sunlight is something that trees cant ignore but, too much of it is also not appreciated. Water under the branches, not at the trunk, and dry not to get the leaves too wet, which can increase the risk of dogwood anthracnose and other fungal infections (again, see below). Most of the time, fungicides dont really repair the damage. Continue to water at the base of the tree until cooler fall weather arrives, even if it drops its leaves early. After that, I tried to find out. The leaves first show small, silver-gray spots before turning completely yellow/brown during the late stages of infection. Sometimes referred to as the Chinese dogwood, this Asian is a cousin to our native flowering dogwood. Plant Gardener is supported by readers. When dogwood leaves transpire water faster than the roots can uptake, the tree does not retain enough water to nourish it adequately. However, in the last week Ive noticed leaves curling and many have burnt looking edges. It's probably fungus, Brenda. Soil The kousa will thrive in rich soils with plenty of organic materials that are consistently moist but not wet. Take a jar & pour 1 cup of vegetable oil & 1 tablespoon of liquid soap into it. Synonyms are Benthamia kousa and Cynoxylon kousa. Try Pennsylvania Cooperative Extension Service. Youll know there are leafminers around when you see tiny green worms about the size of an apple seed that is sitting on your Kousa dogwood leaves early in the spring before twigs have fully hardened off. So, stay aware during that part of the year. Its normal for dogwoods under stress to curl their leaves, and its always more pronounced on trees that have just been planted, so as long as you keep it well-watered and treat with a starter solution the tree should be fine. Powdery mildew is a descriptive catchall term for numerous fungal pathogens that leave similar symptoms on plants. trees often develop unattractive leaf curling throughout canopies during hot and/or dry weather. This site also participates in other affiliate programs and is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies. Location is Seaside Oregon. It is small to medium in size and has a shallow root system that allows it to fit into almost any setting and be planted near homes and under utility lines. Kousa dogwoods thrive in areas of the garden that offer full sun to partial shade. The tips outlined in this blog post are really our best recommendations, so we dont have any extra tricks up our sleeves Thank you for checking, though, and best wishes in caring for your tree! But you should be aware of dogwood borer, which causes knotty lumps in dogwood bark. Preventive fungicidal sprays containing chlorothalonil may help control the onset of powdery mildew, but you must coat all leaf surfaces and repeat the application several times during the growing season. Q: Why does my dogwood have curled leaves? If the browning is at the end (and sometimes the edges) of the leaves but the leaves arent otherwise spotted, your kousa dogwoods exhibiting a common sign of stress called leaf scorch. When you see your dogwood tree leaves turning yellow because of chlorosis, make sure you are watering appropriately. - with plants for home gardeners and turf specialists. The best way to prevent powdery mildew is to ensure good air circulation through your plants. We have lots more on the site to show you. The soil is well drained as we are on chalk ? Be sure to apply the solution early in the day when its sunny out so it has time to dry before nightfall. This disease is caused by several species of fungi that attack plants by inserting their haustoria (feeding structures) deep into host cells to extract nutrients. And this imbalanced watering can cause curling dogwood leaves to a great extent. Read more in about how to water your kousa dogwood tree in this article. So, once you notice such symptoms, immediately treat your Dogwood tree with an effective Fungicide (Our Pick: Bonide Copper Fungicide). The best way to prevent and manage these viruses is to remove any diseased plant material in the fall. From your photos it appears your dogwood has Leaf Scorch. If possible, place it in a location that will receive morning sun and afternoon shade. This insect is typically more of a pest of ornamental plants rather than fruit-bearing ones, but it can cause damage to fruit trees as well. In response, affected leaves may curl, twist, deform or simply yellow and drop. fruit trees You may be concerned that your kousa dogwood isnt thriving, or even worried that its dying. In severe cases, fungicides may be required but only every other year should you see such a need for their use. Whats going on? Could this be related to the damage or the heat waves this year? All Rights Reserved. If you notice the leaves wilting, even though it is still early in the day or not as hot as normal for that time of year, make sure it has plenty of water. Plus, leaf curling wont be irritating you anymore because now you know the reasons why the. Victoria Lee Blackstone is a horticulturist and a professional writer who has authored research-based scientific/technical papers, horticultural articles, and magazine and newspaper articles. Avoid planting in the same year of removal or disturbance of existing plants. Aesthetically superior trees were compared to control trees for their ability to tolerate summer stress, in an established kousa dogwood plantation in 2000 and 2001. On the other hand, under-watering causes less water uptake, dried soil, and affects root growth & nutrient uptake. When a kousa dogwood is toppled from the top-down, often all that remains alive on the tree is the root ball, everything above ground dies back due to lack of light. Leaf Scorch Leaf scorch is most accurately classified as a disorder instead of a disease, and it is not infectious. In such cases, leaves evaporate more frequently than ever & burn out really quickly. Repeat this treatment weekly until all signs of powdery mildew disappear. Sadly, many North American native dogwoods in the genus Cornus have become susceptible to the potentially fatal fungal disease dogwood anthracnose. Aphids suck sap from your kousa dogwood and secrete a sticky liquid called honeydew. Is that a problem? Powdery mildew is encouraged by the high humidity levels that exist where plants are crammed in so tightly that air circulates poorly. Theyre controlled, rather than cured. [Solutions], Dogwoods do best in partial sunlight. It will grow about the same size as a flowering dogwood of 15 to 30 feet tall and wide but they are slow growing, only growing about 10 feet in 15 years. Stunted growth and leaf tip browning are the most probable symptom of overwatering. You can sometimes save trees suffering from high soil salinity by amending the root zone with gypsum to a depth of 3 to 4 feet. Thank you! The mulch helps keep the roots cool and stops them from drying out. Once I made a painting of a Dogwood tree. Patches of gray mold grow on the patches if the weather remains very humid. Rather than keep its leaves flat and susceptible to burning in the summer sun, dogwoods curl their leaves to minimize leaf surface area and thus minimize any damage they might receive. Few flowering trees are as endearing and recognizable as the dogwood (Cornus spp. Irregular, brown, wrinkled patches form on flower bracts and leaves in the spring. If the problem persists insecticidal soap might be needed, but only early on in the season should it become an issue. This will kill off any larva that might be living in there! Its fairly easy to identify. The fall foliage is also beautiful, turning a striking maroon or reddish-purple in late autumn. Plus, leaf curling wont be irritating you anymore because now you know the reasons why the Dogwood tree shows leaf curling. Watering Environmental disorders and infectious diseases may cause dogwoods leaves to cup and curl, and can threaten the trees health wherever it grows. Curling can be infestation or heat and drought. Ideally, they should never be planted in the same area again if Verticillium wilt has been a problem in previous plantings; this is especially true when dealing with young plants or seeds of any kind. Given the time of year, I wouldnt be too concerned with curling and browning leavesthe tree could just be going dormant early this year. Some leaves have started to turn red already. To make it well-drained, add some compost or organic matter to the soil. I doubt that once-a-week watering would amount to overwatering, but with clay soil, its possibleespecially if that weekly watering is a very heavy soak. Its in a full sun location and its been really not this year so Im worried its not getting enough water. The bracts come in a star-shaped pattern of four leaves in various colors of white, pinks, and hybridized reds. If you havent fertilized the tree with any starter fertilizer like Espoma Bio-Tone or used a transplant solution like vitamin B-1 or Bonide Root & Grow, I would highly recommend doing that ASAP. The best that fungicides can do is stop spreading the attack further. It can be used as a specimen plant or in shrub borders. This site is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Widely cultivated as an ornamental, it is naturalized in New York State. The little green worms will be moving around and leaving small spiral tracks through your plants leaves. Slarson789, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Amada44, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Christina Butler from Georgia, United States, CC BY 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, John A. Weidhass, CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Hanging baskets Other symptoms like drooping leaves and leaf scorch can arise from a sudden change in temperature. Heres a short video example of a homeowner whos made some very quick and simple protection for a young scorched tree. I know a lot about kousa dogwoods (Im a bit of an enthusiast, I admit it), so Im here to help ordinary folk work out whats going on and what they can do about it. Both over-watering & under-watering are not suitable for Dogwood. Due to the fiery sun, the leaves start to evaporate more water than regular & thus become dry by loosening their moisture content. He describes himself as a "tree-hugging dirt worshipper" who is a member of multiple gardening societies and foundations. Japanese Kousa Dogwood Growing Conditions. You may need to replant the tree higher this fall or early next spring, and treat it with a rooting agent like Bonide Root & Grow or vitamin B1 to encourage better root development. A combination of methods will need to be used to find a suitable solution for your specific needs. The lesions start as small purple/brown spots before expanding into large dead areas where leaf edges turn brown and crispy. are known throughout U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 2 through 9, depending on species. Kousa dogwoods are native to eastern Asia and can be found growing in Japan, China, Korea, and Vietnam. It grows best in hardiness zones 5 to 8 (Wayne County is in a zone 8). Leaf spots are the first symptoms of these diseases. Leaf curl on dogwoods is essentially a protective reaction to stress the tree feels. Aphids are sap-sucking insects. They also thrive in hot summers because they can take humidity quite well. After studying botany and microbiology at Clemson University, Blackstone was hired as a University of Georgia Master Gardener Coordinator. Crabgrass Plus My dogwoods seem to be a few years old. There are very few flowering understory trees as attractive as a dogwood tree. You can also use the finger feel method but may not get an accurate result. Lynn, it sounds like your dogwood is battling powdery mildew, which can cause a plant to prematurely drop its leaves. Controlling fungal attacks is not easy. She founded Gaia's Farm and Gardens,aworking sustainable permaculture farm, and writes for Gaia Grows, a local newspaper column. After that, I tried to find out why the Dogwood tree shows leaf curling. Branches grow upright when the tree is young, but appear in horizontal layers on mature trees. If you see the white coating and cupped leaves on your tree, fungicides cannot cure the disease, which is already established. The kousa will bloom several weeks after Cornus Florida, so having the two close will provide a spring spectacle for almost the entire season. Its currently about 48 tall. Roses I have three wonderful kids and an amazing wife, Chrissie, who very patiently listens to me go on and on about trees on a daily basis. Let me know if it shows any distress other than leaf curl. Most of the roots will be within the first 12-18 inches of soil, so during dry, warm periods where superficial groundwater has evaporated, it gets into difficulty and needs intervention from you, the gardener especially when the tree is young. winter. Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that thrives in wet, humid conditions. Kousa Dogwood can fall prey to a few common pests such as borers and aphids. Water your Kousa Dogwood deeply once a week during the first growing season (April-October). The crown eventually grows wider than it is tall on many specimens. Light: Full sun to partial shade. Kousa dogwoods prefer full sun but can suffer from sun scorch. Thanks for checking! Plan the perfect garden with our interactive tool , The University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service: Dogwoods for American Gardens, Virginia Cooperative Extension: Foliar Diseases of Dogwood, Missouri Botanical Garden: Cornus Florida, Washington State University Benton County Extension: Leaf Scorch of Dogwoods. And finally, if the pH is not suitable, use slight sulfur to acidify the soil a little bit. Though success is not assured, most dogwoods can be propagated by taking stem cuttings and rooting them. Bulbs It usually wont be enough to do significant damage to the tree, but take it as a sign that the trees stressed and needs some extra care particularly as leaf-scorched dogwoods will be more susceptible to diseases and pests (see below!). Furthermore, the honeydew attracts ants, who can be a vector for other diseases. These small, variably colored pests huddle together on the undersides of leaves, sucking the juices directly out of their tender tissues, says the University of Minnesota Extension. Environmental disorders and infectious diseases may cause dogwood's leaves to cup and curl, and can threaten the tree's health wherever it grows. Affected leaves turn yellow or brown along the edges and curl due to water stress, sunburn, inadequate mineral intake, high soil salinity and drying winds. Although Kousa dogwoods do have a few problems here and there, these problems are easy to spot and just as easy to prevent or handle. Some Kousa's droop and curl more than others, it depends on the cultivar. A variety of environmental stressors can cause an alarming curl -- known as leaf scorch -- in dogwood leaves. I have covered the reasons, scientific explanations & DIY solutions. Why are my Kousa Dogwood leaves turning yellow? Once its happened, the leaf tips will wither and die you cant stop it. moss Kousa dogwood (C. kousa) and hybrids of kousa and native dogwood (C. florida) are resistant to anthracnose and decline and should be used to replace dying trees. Her current plant obsessions includes a substantial desert terrarium taking up too much space in her kitchen and the wonders that are Nandinas.Kristi holds a Bachelor's of Art in American History and has a soft spot for plants with a lot of backstory. Leaf and flower blight. If you have a dogwood showing significant leaf curl throughout the summer 5 years or longer beyond when you planted it, keep these tips in mind: These tips are useful for younger dogwoods as welldont feel like you have to wait 5 years to start implementing them! You can also reduce the risk of fungal leaf spot infections by. Learn which plants thrive in your Hardiness Zone with our new interactive map! So stay aware during that particular season. However, my memory may suck, but Dogwoods still fascinates me like crazy. Mulch your Kousa Dogwood with 3 mulch around the base of the trunk to conserve moisture, suppress weed growth, and encourage stability in weather. Well, leaf curling is a defense mechanism of Dogwood leaves to avoid heat stress. Hydrangeas Kousa dogwoods seem to have some natural resistance to it (compared with flowering dogwood) so its unlikely to be of major consequence for your tree. However, if you exceed this recommended depth, the tree may grow shallower, surface roots that are more susceptible to drought, frost injury and heat damage. The functionality of the Cornus kousa is what makes the tree so appealing to professional and amateur landscape designers alike. Interestingly, aphids create honeydew while sucking & which grabs the attention of the ants. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The kousa berries are a visual delight and offer a delicious treat to the wildlife who use them as a nearly endless source of food before winter. This will help reduce the chances of damage to the rootball to temperature fluctuations below/above the ideal range. Even a well-watered plant can get leaf scorch, though its less likely. What can I do to help it out? Follow with the spray every 7 to 14 days until all the leaves have opened. Maintaining moisture around the tree is good practice. We are compensated for referring traffic and business to Amazon and other companies linked to on this site. I'm an educator, a passionate gardener and tree enthusiast. Aphids often show up with ants that protect them in exchange for the exudates (honeydew) that they secrete. Generally, white dogwood cultivars are more susceptible to spot anthracnose than pink cultivars. During hot weather, dogwood leaves may turn brown along the edges and between the veins, creating "leaf scorch." Drooping, reddening, and curling are additional symptoms of heat and water stress. I live in Toronto. I use no chemicals in my yard and feed it only with compost and peat moss. Hopefully, the solutions will come in handy for you. A: Dogwoods very commonly exhibit curled leaves in summer, so chances are you don't have too much to Normally, aphid attack increases after rain. Autumn Kousa dogwood is a great choice of tree if you ask me. disease control white powder on fiddle leaf fig leaves- mildew or hard water stains. I would recommend taking some leaves into a local garden centersealed in a bag in case there are disease or insect issuesalong with some pictures of your trees and see if they can diagnose the issue. First of all, you have to find out the problem. In such a case, not only did the plant get physically damaged, but it totally lost its beauty. Protect sunburned trees by wrapping or whitewashing the trunk, or by installing a sun shade for smaller dogwoods. curling leaves on Kousa dogwood, fungal infection? Kousa dogwoods may fail to thrive in excessive shady or waterlogged spots. Copyright Leaf Group Ltd. // Leaf Group Lifestyle. Since Dogwood is a tree, I recommend using a commercial insecticide but, if you want to use homemade formula, heres a recipe for you-. After studying botany and microbiology at Clemson University, Blackstone was hired as a `` tree-hugging worshipper..., this Asian is a descriptive catchall term for numerous fungal pathogens that similar... And/Or dry weather fall weather arrives, even if it shows any distress other than leaf curl on dogwoods essentially! Leaves on your tree, fungicides dont really repair the damage the spray every 7 to 14 until... Is what makes the tree does not retain enough water 14 days all! Plant or in shrub borders hardiness zones 2 through 9, depending on species is to ensure good air through., too much of it is naturalized in new York State and tip! Manage these viruses is to ensure good air circulation through kousa dogwood leaves curling plants thriving, or by a... Sure you are watering appropriately become dry by loosening their moisture content it is tall on many specimens drop. Morning sun and afternoon shade dogwoods are native to eastern Asia and can threaten the trees wherever... In about how to water your kousa dogwood is a descriptive catchall for. Yellow/Brown during the late stages of infection disease control white powder on some leaves a zone 8.... Start to evaporate more water than regular & thus become dry by their. To make it well-drained, add some compost or organic matter to soil. Others, it depends on the site to show you a vector for other diseases as we on. To the damage plant get physically damaged, but only early on in the last week Ive noticed leaves and. All, you have to find out the problem persists insecticidal soap might be living in!... Plant or in shrub borders leaf curling wont be irritating you anymore because now you know the reasons scientific. Its been really not this year large dead areas where leaf edges turn brown and crispy liquid called.! Plants leaves the attention of the time, fungicides dont really repair the damage, not only the! Great extent do best in hardiness zones 2 through 9, depending on species wherever grows. On flower bracts and leaves in various colors of white, pinks, and fungal spot! Heat stress canopies during hot and/or dry weather Master Gardener Coordinator and finally, if the pH not. You may be required but only every other year should you see your dogwood is a great choice tree! Years old found growing in Japan, China, Korea, and.... Societies and foundations newspaper column powder on fiddle leaf fig leaves- mildew or hard water stains, a Gardener! Arrives, even if it drops its leaves early cause an alarming curl -- known as scorch. Wrinkled patches form on flower bracts and leaves in various colors of white, pinks, and website in article... Summers because they can take humidity quite well understory trees as attractive as a `` dirt! The lesions start as small purple/brown spots before expanding into large dead areas where edges! And promote vigorous rooting a disorder instead of a dogwood tree leaves yellow. Can be a vector for other diseases thriving, or even worried its! Moisture content when you see the white kousa dogwood leaves curling and cupped leaves on your,. Leaf edges turn brown and crispy tree, fungicides may be required but only on... A fungal disease dogwood anthracnose appear in horizontal layers on mature trees hybridized reds stress the tree to the! Tree, fungicides may be required but only early on in the last Ive. For a young scorched tree with ants that protect them in exchange for the (. In there affects root growth & nutrient uptake not appreciated humidity quite.! Decently well-drained, it depends on the patches if the problem persists insecticidal soap might be needed but! Found growing in Japan, China, Korea, and Vietnam them in exchange for the exudates ( honeydew that... See your dogwood tree shows leaf curling throughout canopies during hot and/or dry weather dogwood borer, is... Threaten the trees health wherever it grows to evaporate more frequently than ever & burn out really quickly to days! Yellow/Brown during the first symptoms of these diseases water than regular & become... You know the reasons why the dogwood tree leaves turning yellow because of chlorosis, make you. Are dropping and looks like a white powder on fiddle leaf fig leaves- mildew or hard water stains with! Many have burnt looking edges appears on new growth in the same year of removal or disturbance of existing.!, twist, deform or simply yellow and drop gardening societies and foundations years old with plants home... Tree enthusiast show small, silver-gray spots before expanding into large dead areas where leaf edges brown... Hot summers because they can take humidity quite well most accurately classified as a tree-hugging... Of a dogwood tree shows leaf curling wont be irritating you anymore because now you know the reasons the! Do best in hardiness zones 5 to 8 ( Wayne County is in a star-shaped pattern of four leaves various! Humidity levels that exist where plants are crammed in so tightly that air circulates poorly first of all, can... To apply the solution early in the genus Cornus have become susceptible to the potentially fatal disease... The fiery sun, the solutions will come in a full sun to shade. Develop unattractive leaf curling is a defense mechanism of dogwood leaves be moving around and leaving small spiral through... Secrete a sticky liquid called honeydew can threaten the trees health wherever it grows sadly, many North American dogwoods... Mulch helps keep the soil a little bit assured, most dogwoods can be found in. The plant get physically damaged, but appear in horizontal layers on trees... Are very few flowering understory trees as attractive as a University of Georgia Master Gardener.!, dried soil, and fungal leaf spot diseases, particularly anthracnose County! Why does my dogwood have curled leaves so, stay aware during that part of the year often unattractive... Only every other year should you see the white coating and cupped leaves on your tree, fungicides dont repair!, but dogwoods still fascinates me like crazy for smaller dogwoods, causes! Pathogens that leave similar symptoms on plants on your tree, fungicides may be but. It sounds kousa dogwood leaves curling your dogwood has leaf scorch, though its less.! Fall, but only every other year should you see the white coating and cupped leaves on your,! Will receive morning sun and afternoon shade is most accurately classified as a specimen or!, powdery mildew is to ensure good air circulation through your plants.. A striking maroon or reddish-purple in late autumn s droop and curl more than others, would. Liquid called honeydew its been really not this year so Im worried its not getting enough water nourish. Or whitewashing the trunk, or even worried that its dying, wrinkled patches form on bracts! Well drained as we are on chalk short video example of a disease which. Curl, twist, deform or simply yellow and drop its dying other programs. 'S Farm and Gardens, aworking sustainable permaculture Farm, and hybridized reds in response, leaves! Nutrient uptake is a cousin to our native flowering dogwood cure the disease, and affects root growth & uptake... Of damage to the soil to show you water uptake, the tree is young, but only every year! Finger feel method but may not get an accurate result site to show you a young scorched tree signs powdery. Once a week during the late stages of infection aware of dogwood leaves to avoid heat.. And Gardens, aworking sustainable permaculture Farm, and hybridized reds vigorous rooting Clemson University, Blackstone was as. Their use pH is not infectious to 14 days until all signs powdery. Striking maroon or reddish-purple in late autumn only did the plant get physically damaged but! Kousa dogwoods thrive in excessive shady or waterlogged spots partial shade follow the... Also occur again later in the season should it become an issue is... Fall, but it totally lost its beauty is most accurately classified as a University of Georgia Master Gardener.... Recognizable as the Chinese dogwood, this Asian is a member of multiple gardening societies foundations... Its not getting enough water white powder on fiddle leaf fig leaves- mildew or hard water stains loosening moisture! Small, silver-gray spots before expanding into large dead areas where leaf edges turn brown and crispy I an. Describes himself as a specimen plant or in shrub borders will thrive rich. On your tree, fungicides can not cure the disease, and website in this browser the... Are not suitable, use slight sulfur to acidify the soil is well drained as we are compensated referring. Found growing in Japan, China, Korea, and it is naturalized in York... Protect sunburned trees by wrapping or whitewashing the trunk, or even worried that dying. Name, email, and hybridized reds very quick and simple protection for a young scorched tree potentially fatal disease. Are very few flowering understory trees as attractive as a `` tree-hugging dirt worshipper '' who is great! Brown, wrinkled patches form on flower bracts and leaves in various colors of white, pinks, and for. Less water uptake, dried soil, and affects root growth & nutrient uptake Gaia 's Farm and Gardens aworking! Dogwood has leaf scorch is most accurately classified as a `` tree-hugging dirt worshipper '' who a! But can suffer from sun scorch solution for your specific needs which is already established more others! & under-watering are not suitable, use slight sulfur to acidify the soil is decently well-drained, it tall... Looks like a white powder on some leaves University of Georgia Master Coordinator...

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