Do restrictions on the internet and digital content lack transparency, proportionality to the stated aims, or an independent appeals process? The Agency for Cultural Affairs has jurisdiction over copyright law and provides guidance and supervision to copyright management organizations, including JASRAC. Former President Donald Trump late last year signed a law that requires US-listed companies to be held to American auditing standards and establish they are not owned or controlled by a foreign. The assassination of former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has shocked Japan, a country with one of the world's lowest rates of gun crime due to its strict laws on gun ownership. Are there laws that assign criminal penalties or civil liability for online activities, particularly those that are protected under international human rights standards? The group essentially serves as an online public relations effort for the LDP, though its rules make clear that members are responsible for their own social media posts. In November 2018, the amended Telecommunications Business Act and the Act on the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) came into effect.3 Reasons vary from keeping inappropriate material out of reach to trying to stop protests and other public demonstrations from being organized. This code sets the age of consent for sexual activity at 13 for girls and 14 for boys, and it has remained unchanged since then. Japan is a multiparty parliamentary democracy. With seemingly no judicial oversight and potential access to millions of users personal devices, NOTICE has raised serious privacy concerns. Mori resigned a week after the petition was created (see B8). The Act on the Protection of Specially Designated Secrets came into force in 2014, despite objections from the opposition, civil society, and protesters. Japans telecommunications infrastructure is advanced, and there have been no reports of the government deliberately disconnecting telecommunications service. Connectivity for households in the heavily populated Kant region, which includes Tokyo, costs nearly 1,300 ($12.49) more per month than in the least expensive regions, Tohokuin the northeast.3 Twitter complied with 29.4 percent of the requests.7. Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) Docomo, KDDI, and SoftBank all launched commercial fifth-generation (5G) services in March 2020.3 Facebook has suppressed content posted by Palestinians and their supporters speaking out about human rights issues in Israel and Palestine. Ensafi's team found that censorship is increasing in 103 of the countries studied, including unexpected places like Norway, Japan, Italy, India, Israel and Polandcountries which the paper notes are rated as some of the freest in the world by advocacy group Freedom House. In April 2018, the government asked internet service providers (ISPs) to block manga piracy sites, including Mangamura, AniTube!, and MioMio, prompting a public debate that highlighted tensions between the protection of intellectual property on one hand and users rights to private communications and the constitutional ban on censorship on the other.2 Article 2. Users rarely face physical and offline harassment in relation to their online activities. Those who violate the revised law face up to two years imprisonment, a 2 million ($18,138) fine, or both. No citizens faced politically motivated arrest or prosecution for their online activity during the coverage period. In December 2019, Kawasaki City created the first nondiscrimination ordinance that includes criminal penalties for hate speech in public spaces. The future of an independent NHK is crucial given the increasing demand for impartial, objective and trusted sources of information. 482-FZ on Amendments to the Federal Law on Enforcement Actions Regarding Persons Involved in Violations of Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms and the Rights and Freedoms of the Russian Federation Citizens. In June 2021, after the coverage period, the Fukuoka District Court sentenced Romi Hoshino to three years in prison and a fine of 10 million ($90,692) for allegedly operating the manga piracy website, Mangamura (see B1). Iwakami was sentenced to pay 330,000 ($2,992) in September 2019 after he retweeted a post from 2017 that suggested Hashimoto was responsible for the suicide of one of his subordinates.3, Several users have been arrested and charged under a 2011 law criminalizing the creation and use of computer viruses without a legitimate reason (see C2). The company said it complies with requests that are based on a warrant, an investigation-related inquiry, or an emergency order under the Japanese penal code and criminal procedure code.15 Since today we are discussing censorship, I thought it would be appropriate to show two books of Japanese early nineteenth-century shunga (lit. On February 2, 2021, the Indonesian Government enacted the implementing regulation of the Omnibus Law (Law No.11 of 2020 on Job Creation) regarding the environmental sector, Government Regulation No. These distinctions, however, are not perfect. It criminalized planning to commit a series of newly designated serious crimes that could supposedly fund terrorism, including copyright violations, potentially making more suspects subject to wiretaps. An online petition in support of the journalist also gathered more than 17,000 signatures.10. Censorship can be a constant factor, or it can be enacted during emergencies (or particular . The provider notifies the individual who posted the content and fulfills the request with the posters permissionor without it if the individual fails to respond. Happily, if history is a guide, this accelerating spread of censorship will. In addition, individuals who knowingly receive secrets from an administrative organ risk up to five years imprisonment if the disclosures are found to be intentional, and one year for disclosures made through negligence.1 No third party can do so. Kisha clubs provide essential access to officials in Japan, but they have been accused of denying such access to young journalists and new media outlets; the system may also limit some reporters access to certain locations, such as areas affected by the 2011 Fukushima disaster. In June 2008, the law was amended to prohibit the transfer of SIM cards without permission and to require rental companies to verify the identity of customers.1, There are no explicit restrictions on encryption. It was not clear how much of the monitoring involved digital as opposed to physical surveillance.14. A coalition of groups, including the Japan Internet Providers Association and the Movement of Internet Active Users, an organization that advocates for users rights, lobbied against the mandate, and mobile users can now select voluntary filters.9, Right to be forgotten cases increased around the same time as a landmark 2014 decision on the topic by the Court of Justice of the European Union. The man originally argued that he was defamed by false information.15, The Internet Hotline Center (IHC), operated through the SIA as part of a contract with the National Police Agency (NPA), cooperates with ISPs to solicit reports of illegal or harmful content from the public.16 In 2021, authorities fined Facebook, Twitter, Telegram, Google, TikTok, and other internet companies a total of at least 187 million RUB (US$2.5 million) over failures to take down supposedly. In May 2018, public broadcaster NHK and the Intercept reported on the activities of the Directorate for Signals Intelligence (DFS), a spy agency that monitors and analyzes electronic communications.15 2, A 2003 law protects personal information collected electronically by private and public-sector organizations when it consists of more than 5,000 records.3 Musician Takemura Kiriko authored a Twitter post in favor of the campaign that month, but deleted it after some social media users left negative comments. Kisha clubs and an advertising market that favors established players may be preventing digital media from gaining a stronger foothold in the market. Under the criminal procedure code, however, investigators can order a person to decrypt an encrypted electronic record.2, Increased concerns over harassment, intimidation, and slander during the previous coverage period led members of the ruling LDP to meet with experts to discuss the possibility of deanonymizing the accounts of those who engage in such behavior online. Courts have continued to consider lawsuits from individuals requesting that search engines delink inaccurate or irrelevant material about them from public results, but the Supreme Court has laid down important guidance that set limits on such right to be forgotten removals.1 Observers have accused MIC officials and the prime minister's office of trying to restrict or influence content under the broadcast law.3, There are substantial concerns that MIC officials are increasingly influenced by business executives who use gifts to garner favor for their policies from government officials. Under the guidelines, anyone can report material that infringes directly on their personal rights to the service provider, either to have it removed or to find out who posted it. Does the online information landscape lack diversity and reliability? The IHCs website offers online forms for reporting objectionable content, such as material that features obscene images, child sexual abuse images, illegal drugs, or prostitution, as well as a referencing system that allows users to look up the status of submitted reports. The original case was brought after a 2010 leak of police documents revealed that Muslims were subject to widespread monitoring for possible terrorist activity. The future being, oh, around the year. Independent online media and citizen media outlets have faced obstacles in their work, particularly due to the prevalence of the kisha club, or formal press association, system. The origin of the term "censor" is traced to the office of censor created in ancient Rome, around 443 BC. (Feb. 22, 2021) On December 30, 2020, Russian Federation President Vladimir Putin signedFederal Law No. The China . The NTT group remains dominant in practice, though hundreds of other providers offer services including fiber-optic connections and fixed-line or wireless broadband access.1 The law was passed in June 2020 and took effect in January 2021.7, A 2013 revision of the Public Offices Election Act lifted long-standing restrictions on the use of the internet for election campaigns. The Tokyo-based Safer Internet Association (SIA) reported that it was asked to manage over 7,276 cases of nonconsensual sharing of intimate images in 2019 and secured the deletion of the content in 6,771 (93 percent) of those cases.2, Previously, inflammatory, nationalist speech targeting Japanese residents of Korean origin and other minority groups was also subject to removal. Scientifically speaking, it depends on how the original censorship mosaic . Article 21 of Japans constitution prohibits censorship and protects freedom of speech, press, and all other forms of expression, as well as the secrecy of any means of communication.1 competitors and others criticized the acquisition, saying it was contrary to the intent of the 1999 NTT Law. In a 2017 report, the United Nations (UNs) special rapporteur on freedom of expression noted that there were significant worrying signals regarding self-censorship among journalists on issues such as the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster.1 In a survey by the Japan Medical Association, there were 700 incidents between October and December 2020 where medical staff treating COVID-19 patients were subject to online harassment.1 The panel allegedly suspended its efforts to draft the legislation in October 2018 after failing to reach consensus on whether the blocking would violate the constitutional right to secrecy of communications.5, ISPs voluntarily filter child sexual abuse images, and many offer parents the option to filter certain other content to protect young internet users.6 The move raised serious concerns over whether blocking was constitutionally allowed, and the government later indicated that it would introduce legislation to broaden its blocking authority (see B3). For ISPs to block particular websites, they must monitor their customers' online activity to determine whether they are accessing the sites in question, which could violate the constitutional right to secrecy of communications.1 Article 1. In February 2020, data communication was unavailable for a few hours for mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) Mineo customers.9 The telecommunications, internet, and broadcast sectors are regulated by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) rather than an independent commission. However, in June 2018, Okamoto Kenichiro, known as Hagex online, was murdered in Fukuoka after presenting a seminar on best practices to deal with online disagreements and abuse, among other topics.7 In January 2021, the revised Copyright Act, which criminalizes the downloading of unlicensed manga, magazines, and academic publications, took effect. Score Change: The score improved from 5 to 6 because the government did not block any websites or platforms during the coverage period. Japanese courts continue to uphold strict criteria for delisting search results on major platforms. Are websites, governmental and private entities, service providers, or individual users subject to widespread hacking and other forms of cyberattack? Following the governments effort to block manga piracy sites in early 2018, observers expressed concern that the move conflicted with the Telecommunications Business Act and the constitutional ban on censorship.2 censorship - The Japan Times censorship Asia Pacific Jul 25, 2021 One month since closing of Apple Daily, concern over Hong Kong free press lingers by Caroline Tam Apple Daily's closure and. #censorship. People can freely use the internet to mobilize, and netizens did so during the reporting period, notably to protest discrimination against women and LGBT+ communities. Germany, which has. The MIC requested that four industry associations monitor false or unsubstantiated content circulating about the disaster online. creator Ken Akamatsu has decided to walk the walk and change Japanese censorship laws by running for office. In 2017, the UNs special rapporteur for freedom of expression criticized the kisha club system.3 In addition, some online news outlets struggle to sustain themselves financially. Some companies cooperate with investigative authorities by turning over their users' data without receiving a court order. Individuals who have criticized the ruling LDP and the government have also faced targeted harassment. Amidst the Covid-19 pandemic and its toll on everyday life, the country has transitioned to new political leadership. Messaging apps, such as WhatsApp and Viber, are often. The ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has governed almost continuously since 1955, with stints in opposition from 1993 to 1994 and 2009 to 2012. The law is scheduled to take effect by the end of 2022. There are concerns that disclosure requests will be misused as a means to suppress the transmission of information.4. Do conditions impede users ability to mobilize, form communities, and campaign, particularly on political and social issues? However, in October of 2012, the Japanese government stated that Article 23(1) was abolished and, therefore, same-sex . Major mobile service providers require customers to present identification documents in order to subscribe. Chinese groups BlackTech and Tick were reportedly behind the breaches.7 We're doing our best to get things working smoothly! Is access to the internet prohibitively expensive or beyond the reach of certain segments of the population for geographical, social, or other reasons? The law did not actually ban or penalize hate speech, leading some critics to argue that it would be ineffective.6 The amendments are set to come into effect in 2022.1, In May 2021, the government launched an investigation into the data management polices of LINE, a messaging application with servers based in Japan, after a report revealed that Chinese engineers had accessed LINEs data without the companys knowledge. The reporting claimed that the government deployed a clandestine online surveillance program, dubbed MALLARD, to observe communications passing between satellites.16 Under that law, providers must comply with takedown requests within two days.8, The threat of official content restrictions looms periodically during public debates about child safety, though carriers and content producers have successfully resisted intrusive regulation. In 2016, the law was expanded to include fraud, theft, and child sexual abuse images.9 A 2012 legal revision targeting copyright violators applies to any internet users who download content they know has been illegally copied, as opposed to just those engaged in piracy for commercial gain.3 In 2017, the Japanese video website Niconico took down two videos posted from an internet protocol (IP) address in Osaka after municipal officials flagged them for violating a local ordinance regulating hate speech.3 The National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGHM) announced that it was the target of about 5.3 million ransomware attacks in 2020, compared to 1.2 million incidents in 2019, though they reported that sensitive research and personal information was not compromised during these attacks.12. There are some reasons why it has been not modified since . As of 2021, the internet penetration rate for households stood at 93 percent.2, Providers continue to develop telecommunications infrastructure, in part to alleviate mobile network congestion. In May 2021, Aren Hachimura, the younger brother of NBA basketball player Rui Hachimura, received racist messages over SNS. Japanese man arrested for stealing women's shoes and replacing them with new ones; Japanese office disaster: man pees in drink bottle of woman coworker because "he liked her" Japanese Twitter reacts to Logan Paul's "Japanese Suicide Forest" video; Man travels 100 kilometers in middle of the night in Japan to punch another dude in . In 2007, the MIC ordered mobile service providers to install filtering software that would enable parents to control the content seen by their children. However, some digital activities require separate registration. In June 2020, the Tokyo High Court reversed a Tokyo District Court ruling that Twitter remove posts which detailed the plaintiffs arrest records.14, Courts have also ordered content to be removed in defamation cases, although there were no such rulings during the coverage period. Japan is primarily a civil law country, and the United States is primarily a common law country. Does the government place restrictions on anonymous communication or encryption? Authorities have used the law to convict the operators of manga piracy site Mangamura (see C2 and C3). The court indicated that points such as the content of the search results, the scope of disclosure, the social status of the persons involved, the social situation, and the necessity of disclosing facts were critical in deciding whether search engine results should be removed.13 It is a point of pride in the US that freedom of speech is written into the Constitution. 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